Sources
What this product's published claims rest on. Generated from the reference library on 2026-10-07 — 13 sources are cited in the text clients read, 51 are stored here in full, and 5 could not be retrieved and say why.
A citation nobody can open is an assertion. Every source below is stored as extracted text with the sha256 of the original, so a silently-updated or substituted copy is detectable, and each is checked to still contain the phrase it is cited for — an HTTP 200 is not a source.
Retrieved
| Tier | Source | What it answers | sha256 |
|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | Altman — Evolution of the Altman Z-Score family of models (Z'' model and zones) Edward I. Altman | What is the Z'' (non-manufacturer) model, its coefficients, and its distress/grey/safe zones? | 11de3257907d |
| T1 | Asness, Frazzini & Pedersen (2019) Quality minus junk (RAS 24:34-112) Clifford S. Asness; Andrea Frazzini; Lasse H. Pedersen | What 'quality' is in the literature the Winner Odds factors draw on: profitability, growth and safety; a quality-minus-junk factor earns significant risk-adjusted returns in the US and 24 countries | f21b4e96d28c |
| T1 | Bailey, Borwein, Lopez de Prado & Zhu (2015) The probability of backtest overfitting David H. Bailey; Jonathan M. Borwein; Marcos Lopez de Prado; Qiji Jim Zhu | Why a weighting scheme is judged on blocks never used to fit it and every scheme is a recorded trial: the best in-sample configuration's out-of-sample rank falls with the number of configurations tried; hold-out alone is unreliable | f72a141e9705 |
| T1 | Bali, Cakici & Whitelaw (2011) Maxing out: Stocks as lotteries and the cross-section of expected returns (JFE 99:427-446) Turan G. Bali; Nusret Cakici; Robert F. Whitelaw | Why a model aimed at the right tail must not simply buy lottery-like stocks: stocks with extreme recent upside (high MAX) earn LOWER average returns, >1% per month lowest-minus-highest decile, robust to size, value, momentum, reversal, liquidity and skewness — the tail and the average pull in opposite directions | b36dd9997e53 |
| T0 | Bank of Canada Valet — Government of Canada 10-year benchmark bond yield (BD.CDN.10YR.DQ.YLD) Bank of Canada | The Canadian risk-free rate this codebase discounts CA-domiciled rows at, and the static fallback in valuation/discount.py. This is the SAME series macro_fetcher._fetch_ca10y_boc reads, so the static and the live cache cannot disagree about what they measure. | 4d9494713094 |
| T1 | Bender (2020), Part I: Foreign Withholding Taxes for Equity ETFs Justin Bender CFA (PWL Capital) | 2020 restatement of the 2016 typology: the RRSP treaty exemption extends to RRIF, locked-in RRSP (LIRA) and LIF but not TFSA/RESP/RDSP; in a taxable account only the second (US) layer is recoverable for a fund with two layers; no slips in registered accounts so nothing there is recoverable. | c647a3bf891b |
| T1 | Bender (2020), Part II: Foreign Withholding Taxes for Global Equity, Global Bond, and Asset Allocation ETFs Justin Bender CFA (PWL Capital) | A global or asset-allocation ETF is a roll-up of the US/international/emerging structures: its withholding drag is the weighted average of its underlying funds' drags, and an underlying US-listed ETF inside a Canadian wrapper keeps the 15% US tax even in an RRSP. Why CompoundWise labels such funds MIXED and does not model them per sleeve yet. | 93c83d9bd185 |
| T1 | Bender & Bortolotti (PWL Capital, 2016), Foreign Withholding Taxes: How to estimate the hidden tax drag on US and international equity ETFs Justin Bender CFA; Dan Bortolotti CFP (PWL Capital) | The seven fund structures A-G (US-listed / CA-listed-holding-US-ETF / CA-listed-direct; US, developed, emerging), Level I and Level II withholding, which account types (RRSP/RRIF, taxable, TFSA/RESP) avoid, recover or lose each layer, the drag formulas FWT_I and FWT_II, and worked examples VTI/VUN/VEA/VDU/XEF/VWO/VEE. pwlcapital.com returns HTTP 403 to every automated client (curl and WebFetch, 2026-10-01); this copy is hosted on co-author Justin Bender's own blog. | 7c1e4a8d5f28 |
| T1 | Bessembinder (2018) Do stocks outperform Treasury bills? (JFE 129:440-457) Hendrik Bessembinder | Whether a 'winner' is a tail event: net wealth creation is concentrated in ~4% of stocks and most stocks trail T-bills over their lives — the right tail is the whole game | 0b2e752a2c5c |
| T2 | BMO Asset Management, ETF Facts: BMO MSCI EAFE Index ETF (ZEA), CAD Units BMO Asset Management Inc. | ZEA holds EAFE stocks directly plus a slice (8.2% at Nov 30 2025) through the US-listed iShares Core MSCI EAFE ETF — the evidence for coding it as a blend E:91.8|D:8.2 rather than pure Type E. | 39e02f3e9193 |
| T0 | CFA Institute — Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct (index) CFA Institute | The standard NUMBERS and TITLES this codebase cites — V(A) Diligence and Reasonable Basis, V(B) Communication with Clients, I(C) Misrepresentation, III(C) Suitability. The SUBSTANTIVE text is in the Standards of Practice Handbook, 12th edition, pinned separately: the index is what leads to it. An earlier attempt reported the handbook as unretrievable — that was a CONSTRUCTED path (11th edition) returning 404, not an absent document. Following this index's own hrefs found the real 12th-edition PDF. | ed21f3e8437d |
| T0 | CFA Institute — Standards of Practice Handbook, 12th edition CFA Institute | What Standards V(A), V(B), I(C) and III(C) actually REQUIRE — the substantive text this codebase's disclosures are written against. V(A): 'Have a reasonable and adequate basis, supported by appropriate research and investigation, for any investment analysis, recommendation or action.' V(B): 'Distinguish between fact and opinion in the presentation of investment analysis and recommendations.' | ed9f75a6f7a1 |
| T1 | Chan, Jegadeesh & Lakonishok (1995/1996) Momentum Strategies Louis K. C. Chan, Narasimhan Jegadeesh, Josef Lakonishok | past earnings surprise predicts drift in future returns after controlling for price momentum; the market responds only gradually to earnings news | 8cbaf505ac46 |
| T2 | CIBC — Canadian Depositary Receipts (CDRs) CIBC | a CDR carries a built-in currency hedge, so its return follows the underlying share (P001: a CDR's beta is its underlying's) | df773557172c |
| T1 | Cohen, Malloy & Pomorski (2010/2012) Decoding Inside Information Lauren Cohen, Christopher Malloy, Lukasz Pomorski | routine insider trades carry no information; opportunistic (non-routine) trades carry all the predictive power | f5e1425f69cb |
| T1 | Cohen, Malloy & Pomorski — Decoding Inside Information (NBER w16454, full text) | How is a routine insider told from an opportunistic one? (the classifier behind the V12 insider pass) | ccd2163df74c |
| T0 | Completing the T5 slip — dividend gross-up and federal dividend tax credit rates Canada Revenue Agency | The gross-up and federal dividend tax credit rates this codebase applies to Canadian dividends: tax_config.dividend_gross_up and dividend_fed_dtc, consumed by portfolio_core._cdn_dividend_tax. Confirms the credit is a percentage of the GROSSED-UP (taxable) amount, not of the dividend — 15.0198% of box 25 equals 6/11 of the gross-up, which is what the code computes. | 325253a162c3 |
| T0 | CRA — Capital losses and deductions: Superficial loss Canada Revenue Agency | The CRA's own statement of the superficial-loss test (you or an affiliated person buys identical property in the ±30-day window and still owns it 30 days after), its examples of affiliated persons (incl. a trust and its majority-interest beneficiary), and that the acquirer adds the denied loss to the substituted property's ACB. | f9f7708b9969 |
| T0 | CRA Income Tax Folio S5-F4-C1 — Income Tax Reporting Currency Canada Revenue Agency | WHICH rate converts a foreign-currency amount for Canadian tax: the relevant spot rate for the day on which the amount ARISES, and after 2017-02-28 that is the Bank of Canada rate for that day (s.261(1)). This is the rule behind _ACB_FX_SQL stamping fx_rate_boc and behind recalculate_realized_gains restating a sale at its cost-base rate — both of which it VINDICATES. It does NOT settle WHICH DAY a securities disposition arises on (trade vs settlement); _TAX_DATE_SQL asserts settlement with no pinned source. | c2ebe6716596 |
| T0 | CRA — Tax rates and income brackets for individuals, current year (2026) Canada Revenue Agency | 2026 federal bracket thresholds that set the income-band edges (P011) | 69419276a6c1 |
| T1 | Valuing Distressed and Declining Companies Aswath Damodaran, Stern School of Business | Whether a declining firm may be projected with NEGATIVE growth. It may: 'the expected growth rate in perpetuity ... in some cases, it can even be negative. Essentially, the firm will continue to exist but get progressively smaller over time, as its market shrinks.' The paper does NOT prescribe a numeric floor, so any MAX_DECLINE constant is a house judgement and must say so. | bde6bad1ff1f |
| T0 | FP Canada — Projection Assumption Guidelines FP Canada | The return, inflation and yield assumptions a financial projection must use to be defensible in Canada - the basis for retirement_sim's PAG_REAL_RETURN_PCT / PAG_INFLATION_PCT and for the goal-feasibility figures the advisor reports. Also settles what the PAG does NOT govern: it mentions contribution timing zero times, so no external convention prescribes beginning- vs end-of-year in a projection. | a2fa99fcef8d |
| T0 | GIPS 2020 Standards for Firms (CFA Institute) CFA Institute | Calculation and presentation conventions borrowed (compliance NOT claimed — GIPS is a voluntary firm-wide standard for marketed composites): 2.A.11 cash returns included in all return calculations; 2.A.12 returns for periods under one year must not be annualized; 2.A.13 returns after transaction costs; 2.A.28-2.A.29 money-weighted returns valued at each period end, daily external cash flows; 4.A.1(b),(e) annual returns and the benchmark total return for the same periods; 4.A.3 label the periods and gross/net of fees; 4.A.12 same currency; 4.C.5(a) benchmark description; 4.C.32 a benchmark change disclosed with its date; 4.C.33 a custom/blended benchmark discloses components, weights, rebalancing and method and is labelled custom. | 9c45d87dfc8b |
| T1 | Green, Hand & Soliman (2011) Going, going, gone? The apparent demise of the accruals anomaly (Management Science 57:797-816) Jeremiah Green; John R. M. Hand; Mark T. Soliman | Whether Sloan's accruals signal still carries its published direction: hedge returns to the accruals anomaly decayed in US markets to no longer reliably positive — the population test measures it REVERSED (t = -8.9), so it is unweighted, not flipped | 7ffdcd5b97d9 |
| T1 | Harvey, Liu & Zhu (2016) ... and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns (RFS 29:5-68) Campbell R. Harvey; Yan Liu; Heqing Zhu | The hurdle a factor must clear given the multiple-testing history: t > 3.0 — the bar the per-factor IC t-statistics are read against | 7a20e3fd9fdd |
| T1 | Hou, Xue & Zhang (2020) Replicating Anomalies (RFS 33:2019-2133) Kewei Hou; Chen Xue; Lu Zhang | Why a population test must guard against microcaps: with microcaps mitigated (NYSE breakpoints, value weights) 65% of 452 anomalies fail t = 1.96 and 82% fail 2.78 — microcap and penny-stock returns dominate equal-weighted results; the basis for the entry-price floor on the Winner Odds population test | d91c737d8cfe |
| T0 | Income Tax Act s.248(1) — definition of disposition, para (e) no change in beneficial ownership Justice Canada | Whether moving a security between two of the same taxpayer's own non-registered accounts is a disposition (and so whether its destination leg is an acquisition for s.54) — it is not, unless the transfer is to or from a trust such as a registered plan. | f53ac860d2a5 |
| T0 | Income Tax Act s.251.1 — affiliated persons Justice Canada | Who is affiliated with the taxpayer for the s.54 superficial-loss test: a spouse or common-law partner (a), and a person and a trust of which the person is a majority-interest beneficiary (g) — the basis for counting a rebuy inside the taxpayer's own registered plan trust. | d714b2398724 |
| T0 | Income Tax Act s.47 — identical properties (average cost) Justice Canada | Whether the adjusted cost base of identical properties is averaged across ALL of a taxpayer's holdings (not per brokerage account) — the rule portfolio_db._pool_accounts and every cost-base reader (booking, previews, transfer pricing, holding rows, T1135 peak) implement. | 909570b78243 |
| T0 | Income Tax Act s.53(1)(f) — superficial loss added to the substituted property's ACB Justice Canada | That the amount added to the substituted property's adjusted cost base is the superficial loss itself (the amount denied), so the roll-in must equal the denied loss. | 5420d9c999d4 |
| T0 | Income Tax Act s.54 — definition of superficial loss Justice Canada | Whether a loss is denied when identical property is reacquired within 30 days before or after the disposition and still held at the end of that window — the rule portfolio_db._superficial_window_qty implements and the Tax Centre's harvest check now shares. | ca1e5f892c0c |
| T1 | Information Coefficient as a Performance Measure of Stock Selection Models (arXiv 2010.08601) — restates Grinold (1989) IR = IC x sqrt(breadth) | Why signals are combined by information coefficient: Grinold's fundamental law IR = IC x sqrt(BR) — the basis for IC-weighting the Winner Odds factors (the 1989 JPM original and its 2017 Redux are paywalled) | adb4c0f1bcf9 |
| T1 | Lakonishok & Lee (1998/2001) Are Insiders' Trades Informative? Josef Lakonishok, Inmoo Lee | insider purchases predict cross-sectional returns, concentrated in small firms; purchases more informative than sales | 9df60c616ffd |
| T1 | Li & Mohanram, Fundamental Analysis: Combining the Search for Quality with the Search for Value (describes Mohanram 2005 GSCORE) Kevin Li, Partha Mohanram | Mohanram's GSCORE: eight growth-firm signals (ROA, CFO, accruals, earnings variability, sales-growth variability, R&D, capex and advertising intensity), each scored against the contemporaneous industry median; separates winners from losers among growth stocks | a7d802c330ea |
| T0 | NI 31-103 unofficial consolidation (OSC, in force 2023-09-13) — s.14.18-14.19 investment performance report Canadian Securities Administrators / Ontario Securities Commission | What a CRM2 annual investment performance report must contain: market value of ALL CASH and securities at start and end (14.19(1)(a),(b)); deposits/withdrawals/transfers of cash and securities AT MARKET VALUE (14.19(1)(c)); an annualized total percentage return NET OF CHARGES by a money-weighted method (14.19(1)(i)); for the 12-month, 3-, 5-, 10-year and since-opening periods (14.19(2)); never annualised for a period under one year (14.19(6)); a position with no determinable market value assigned zero and disclosed (14.19(7) — declined here: unknown stays N/A). Amending instruments opened 2026-10-01 (TCR 2023-06-29, 2023-09-14, 2026-08-20) do not amend 14.18/14.19. | 94c8b7cb9b16 |
| T0 | Amendments to National Instrument 31-103 (Total Cost Reporting) — OSC Bulletin (2023), 46 OSCB 5664 Ontario Securities Commission / Canadian Securities Administrators | What the dealer's annual report on charges and other compensation (NI 31-103 s.14.17) must contain once the Total Cost Reporting amendments take effect: the total dollar amount of fund expenses (MER + TER) for the investment funds owned during the year (14.17(1)(i)), each fund's fund expense ratio (14.17(1)(m)), and the prescribed explanation (14.17(1)(n)). In force January 1, 2026 (s.8(1)). | a3bbf92a2ed5 |
| T1 | NN/g (Fessenden, 2017) - Modal & Nonmodal Dialogs: When (& When Not) to Use Them Therese Fessenden, Nielsen Norman Group | When a dialog should block the screen: modals interrupt and demand an action; appropriate for important warnings, critical errors, information critical to continuing the current process. Not for nonessential information unrelated to the current flow; nonmodal lets users continue and ignore. | 96efea271d6c |
| T1 | NN/g (Kendrick, 2020) - Mobile Tutorials: Wasted Effort or Efficiency Boost? Alita Kendrick, Nielsen Norman Group | Whether up-front tutorials improve task success or perceived ease. n=70 (35/35), 4 iPhone apps: success 91% vs 94% (p=0.443, n.s.); SEQ 4.92 vs 5.49 (p=0.047, SIGNIFICANT - tutorials made tasks feel HARDER); no time difference. | 850ec9f8fe1e |
| T1 | NN/g (Laubheimer, 2023) - Onboarding Tutorials vs. Contextual Help Page Laubheimer, Nielsen Norman Group | Push vs pull revelation. Up-front tutorials are PUSH (reveal out of context, no signal the user benefits now); contextual help is PULL (triggered by a signal the user would benefit at that moment). Guidelines: easy dismiss+recall, progressive disclosure, no memorization, skip the obvious, understand the journey to the feature. | 8f536dd7d492 |
| T1 | Novy-Marx (2015) Fundamentally, Momentum is Fundamental Momentum, NBER w20984 Robert Novy-Marx | earnings momentum (earnings surprises) subsumes price momentum in the cross-section; controlling for past performance removes momentum crashes without reducing returns | 13dd77752cb6 |
| T0 | OWASP — CSV Injection OWASP Foundation | Which leading characters make a CSV cell a formula injection risk (= + - @, tab 0x09, CR 0x0D, LF 0x0A, full-width ＝＋－＠) | 4cb90797ddbb |
| T1 | Piotroski (2000) Value Investing: The Use of Historical Financial Statement Information to Separate Winners from Losers (JAR 38:1-41) Joseph D. Piotroski | The nine F-score signals as defined: ROA/CFO scaled by beginning-of-year total assets; ACCRUAL one if CFO > ROA; DLEVER = change in long-term debt to average total assets, F one if the ratio FELL, zero otherwise (so a firm with no long-term debt in either year scores zero, not unknown); DLIQUID current ratio; EQ_OFFER; DMARGIN gross margin; DTURN sales over beginning assets | 901d713553dd |
| T0 | SEC Insider Transactions Data Sets (Forms 3/4/5, 2006q1 onward) U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | what the Form 4 harvest reads: as-filed Section 16 transactions, quarterly ZIPs, flattened tables | 15bd70e979e8 |
| T0 | SEC, Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code List U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | what each SIC code describes (2833-2836 medicinal chemicals, pharmaceutical preparations, diagnostics, biological products; 3711-3716 motor vehicles, bodies, parts, trailers, motor homes; 3720-3728 aircraft and parts; 3730 ship and boat building; 3743 railroad equipment; 3751 motorcycles; 3760 guided missiles and space vehicles; 3790 miscellaneous transportation equipment) | ae15690f174e |
| T2 | Seeking Alpha, Quant Ratings and Factor Grades FAQ Seeking Alpha | competitor's own method: five factor grades (Value, Growth, Profitability, Momentum, EPS Revisions), every metric graded against sector peers; no coverage without sell-side estimates | 3f182e2c8555 |
| T1 | Van Calster, McLernon, van Smeden et al. (2019) Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics (BMC Medicine 17:230) Ben Van Calster; David J. McLernon; Maarten van Smeden | How a probability model is judged before its odds are shown: calibration-in-the-large (mean predicted vs observed rate), calibration slope (ideal 1; <1 means predictions too extreme) and intercept, assessed on validation data, not the development sample — the checks the Winner Odds calibration must pass on held-out blocks | ca8a866c7c81 |
| T2 | Vanguard Investments Canada, ETF Facts: Vanguard S&P 500 Index ETF (VFV) Vanguard Investments Canada Inc. | VFV now holds the S&P 500 stocks directly (top investment NVIDIA Corp, May 31 2026), not the US-listed VOO — a Type B fund in PWL's typology (the 15% US tax is lost inside the fund in every registered account) with unhedged USD exposure. | d906c474fd54 |
| T2 | Vanguard STAR Funds, Form N-CSR (FY ended Oct 31 2025): Total International Stock Index Fund (VXUS) Statement of Operations The Vanguard Group | VXUS's own Level I rate: dividends 13,742,352 net of 1,286,565 foreign withholding ($000) = 8.56% of gross dividends, used in place of PWL's 2015 developed-market estimate. | 2f7d23600096 |
| T0 | W3C WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices Guide - Dialog (Modal) Pattern W3C Web Accessibility Initiative | What a modal dialog must do: role=dialog, aria-modal=true, aria-labelledby (or aria-label); focus moves inside on open; Tab/Shift+Tab wrap within the dialog; Escape closes; focus returns to the invoking element on close; outside content inert and typically dimmed. | bb8e0a6b749b |
| T1 | Yartseva (2025) The Alchemy of Multibagger Stocks, CAFE Working Paper 33, Birmingham City University Anna Yartseva | What the one recent study of multi-baggers found and how: 464 US ten-baggers 2009-2024; Fama-French sorts APPLIED TO MULTIBAGGER STOCKS ONLY (10,740 company-years) — small, high book-to-market, robust-profitability, high-FCF-yield names earned more; momentum with quick reversals; interest rates. Selected on the outcome, so it says which winners won more, not how to find winners among all stocks — must be re-tested on a full population before use | 3f994512c499 |
| T2 | Zacks, The Zacks Rank (education page) Zacks Investment Research | competitor's own method: the Zacks Rank is built on earnings-estimate revisions through four factors | 760f782dfd8d |
Cited but not retrievable
These are real, named sources this product relies on and cannot store. The obstacle and the date attempted are recorded so a later attempt knows whether anything changed.
| Source | Why it is not here | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| — | Bessembinder | Journal of Financial Economics (2018), paywalled; SSRN returns HTTP 403 to automated fetch. Attempted 2026-09-24. | |
| — | Chan | Chan, Karceski & Lakonishok, Journal of Finance (2003), paywalled. Attempted 2026-09-24. | |
| — | Domian | Financial Review (2007), paywalled. Attempted 2026-09-24. | |
| — | Lakonishok | Lakonishok, Shleifer & Vishny, Journal of Finance (1994), paywalled. Attempted 2026-09-24. | |
| — | Statman | Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (1987) and Financial Analysts Journal (2004), both paywalled. Attempted 2026-09-24. | |